Molekyl etanol
Ethanol, a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to gasoline. It is also the intoxicating ingredient of many alcoholic beverages. Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol , grain alcohol , drinking alcohol , or simply alcohol is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 3 CH 2 OH.
Ethanol is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid with a characteristic wine -like odor and pungent taste. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation process of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration.
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Historically it was used as a general anesthetic , and has modern medical applications as an antiseptic , disinfectant , solvent for some medications, and antidote for methanol poisoning and ethylene glycol poisoning. Ethanol also can be dehydrated to make ethylene , an important chemical feedstock. As of , world production of ethanol fuel was 29,,, US gallons The name ethanol was coined as a result of a resolution on naming alcohols and phenols that was adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature that was held in April in Geneva , Switzerland.
The term alcohol now refers to a wider class of substances in chemistry nomenclature, but in common parlance it remains the name of ethanol. It is a medieval loan from Arabic al-kuḥl , a powdered ore of antimony used since antiquity as a cosmetic, and retained that meaning in Middle Latin. Before the late 18th century the term "alcohol" generally referred to any sublimated substance. Ethanol is the oldest known sedative , used as an oral general anesthetic during surgery in ancient Mesopotamia and in medieval times.
Ethanol is used as an antiseptic in medical wipes and hand sanitizer gels for its bactericidal and anti-fungal effects. However, it is ineffective against bacterial spores , which can be treated with hydrogen peroxide. Absolute ethanol may inactivate microbes without destroying them because the alcohol is unable to fully permeate the microbe's membrane.
Etanol – Wikipedia
Ethanol may be administered as an antidote to ethylene glycol poisoning [ 33 ] and methanol poisoning. Ethanol is used to dissolve many water-insoluble medications and related compounds. Some medicinal solutions of ethanol are also known as tinctures. In mammals, ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver and stomach by alcohol dehydrogenase ADH enzymes. When present in significant concentrations, this metabolism of ethanol is additionally aided by the cytochrome P enzyme CYP2E1 in humans, while trace amounts are also metabolized by catalase.
The resulting intermediate, acetaldehyde, is a known carcinogen, and poses significantly greater toxicity in humans than ethanol itself. Many of the symptoms typically associated with alcohol intoxication—as well as many of the health hazards typically associated with the long-term consumption of ethanol—can be attributed to acetaldehyde toxicity in humans. The subsequent oxidation of acetaldehyde into acetate is performed by aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH enzymes.
As a central nervous system depressant , ethanol is one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs. Despite alcohol's psychoactive, addictive, and carcinogenic properties, it is readily available and legal for sale in most countries. The most common regulation is prohibition for minors. The largest single use of ethanol is as an engine fuel and fuel additive. Brazil in particular relies heavily upon the use of ethanol as an engine fuel, due in part to its role as one of the world's leading producers of ethanol.
Older cars and vintage cars designed to use a slower burning fuel should have the engine valves upgraded or replaced. According to an industry advocacy group , ethanol as a fuel reduces harmful tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen , and other ozone-forming pollutants. Ethanol combustion in an internal combustion engine yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produced by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of formaldehyde and related species such as acetaldehyde.
Brazil supports this fleet of ethanol-burning automobiles with large national infrastructure that produces ethanol from domestically grown sugarcane. Ethanol's high miscibility with water makes it unsuitable for shipping through modern pipelines like liquid hydrocarbons. Ethanol was commonly used as fuel in early bipropellant rocket liquid-propelled vehicles, in conjunction with an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen.
The German A-4 ballistic rocket of World War II better known by its propaganda name V-2 , [ 65 ] which is credited as having begun the space age, used ethanol as the main constituent of B-Stoff. Commercial fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas, hydrogen or methanol. Ethanol is an attractive alternative due to its wide availability, low cost, high purity and low toxicity. There is a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have entered trials including direct-ethanol fuel cells , auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems.
The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of the commercialization of ethanol fuel cells. Ethanol fireplaces can be used for home heating or for decoration. Ethanol can also be used as stove fuel for cooking. Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient.
It has widespread use as a precursor for other organic compounds such as ethyl halides , ethyl esters , diethyl ether, acetic acid, and ethyl amines. Ethanol is considered a universal solvent , as its molecular structure allows for the dissolving of both polar , hydrophilic and nonpolar , hydrophobic compounds. As ethanol also has a low boiling point , it is easy to remove from a solution that has been used to dissolve other compounds, making it a popular extracting agent for botanical oils.